|
 |
| STATISTICS |
|
| Year : 2015 | Volume
: 6
| Issue : 4 | Page : 222-224 |
|
Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: Odds versus risk
Priya Ranganathan1, Rakesh Aggarwal2, CS Pramesh3
1 Department of Anaesthesiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
2 Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
3 Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| Date of Web Publication | 12-Oct-2015 |
Correspondence Address:
Priya Ranganathan
Department of Anaesthesiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Ernest Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai - 400 012, Maharashtra
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2229-3485.167092
 Abstract | | |
In biomedical research, we are often interested in quantifying the relationship between an exposure and an outcome. “Odds” and “Risk” are the most common terms which are used as measures of association between variables. In this article, which is the fourth in the series of common pitfalls in statistical analysis, we explain the meaning of risk and odds and the difference between the two.
Keywords: Biostatistics, odds ratio, risk
How to cite this article:
Ranganathan P, Aggarwal R, Pramesh C S. Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: Odds versus risk. Perspect Clin Res 2015;6:222-4 |
| Introduction | |  |
Researchers are often interested in evaluating the association between an exposure and an outcome. In other words, they are interested in knowing whether the presence of a risk factor or performing an intervention alters the risk of an outcome as compared to the absence of the risk factor or of the intervention (the “control” situation).
| Risk and Odds: Definitions | | |
“Risk” refers to the probability of occurrence of an event or outcome. Statistically, risk = chance of the outcome of interest/all possible outcomes. The term “odds” is often used instead of risk. “Odds” refers to the probability of occurrence of an event/probability of the event not occurring. At first glance, though these two concepts seem similar and interchangeable, there are important differences that dictate where the use of either of these is appropriate.
Let us look at the hypothetical example of a randomized trial comparing endoscopic sclerotherapy (n = 65) versus band ligation (n = 64) for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices [Table 1]. The overall risk of death = 47/129 ([number of deaths]/[all outcomes i.e., all deaths + survivors]) =0.36. The overall odds of death = 47/82 ([number of deaths]/[number of nondeaths, i.e., survivors]) =0.57. The risk of death in the ligation group was 18/64 (28% or 0.28), and the risk of death in the sclerotherapy group was 29/65 (44% or 0.44). By contrast, the odds of death in the two groups was 18/46 (0.39) and 29/36 (0.81), respectively. | Table 1: A randomized trial of sclerotherapy versus ligation for esophageal varices (hypothetical data)
Click here to view |
| Relationship of Risk and Odds | | |
In the example above, for the same data set, the chances of death appear markedly different when expressed as risks and odds.
[Table 2] shows the risk and odds for different event rates. As “a” decreases with respect to “b” (probability of outcome becomes less), the odds and risk are similar. For rare events (i.e., if “a” is small and “a + b” approaches “b”), a/(a + b) ≈ a/b and risk approximates odds. Therefore, though “odds” does not represent true risk, its value is close to risk when the event rates are low (typically <10%).[1]
| Relative Risk and Odds Ratio | | |
The relative risk (also known as risk ratio [RR]) is the ratio of risk of an event in one group (e.g., exposed group) versus the risk of the event in the other group (e.g., nonexposed group). The odds ratio (OR) is the ratio of odds of an event in one group versus the odds of the event in the other group.
An RR (or OR) of 1.0 indicates that there is no difference in risk (or odds) between the groups being compared. An RR (or OR) more than 1.0 indicates an increase in risk (or odds) among the exposed compared to the unexposed, whereas a RR (or OR) <1.0 indicates a decrease in risk (or odds) in the exposed group. As for other summary statistics, confidence intervals can be calculated for RR and OR.
In the same example, the RR of death in ligation group versus sclerotherapy group = 0.28/0.44 = 0.63. This means that the risk of death after ligation is 63% of the risk of death after sclerotherapy. This implies that ligation decreases the risk of death by 37% (calculated as 100 minus 63%) as compared with sclerotherapy. The OR for death in ligation group versus sclerotherapy group = 39/81 = 0.48. This means that the odds of death after ligation is 48% of the odds of death after sclerotherapy, or that ligation decreases the odds of death by 52% as compared with sclerotherapy.
| Relationship of Risk Ratio and Odds Ratio | | |
Though OR also indicates the nature of association between exposure and outcome, it is not identical to RR. The relationship of OR and RR is complex. [Table 3] shows RR and OR for different event rates. When there is no association between exposure and outcome, both OR and RR are identical and equal to 1.0 [Table 3]a. When there is an association between an exposure and an outcome, OR exaggerates the estimate of their relationship (is farther from 1.0 than RR). Thus, when RR <1, OR is lower than RR [Table 3]b; by contrast, when RR is more than 1.0, OR is higher than the RR [Table 3]c,[Table 3]d,[Table 3]e. When the outcome is rare (typically <10%), the value of OR is not too different from that of RR, and the two can be used interchangeably irrespective of whether the risk is lower [Table 3]b or higher [Table 3]c in the exposed group as compared to the unexposed.[1] As event rates increase [Tables 3]d or [Table 3]e, the two ratios diverge and can no longer be used interchangeably.
| When Should One Use Risk Ratio and Odds Ratio? | | |
Calculation of risk requires the use of “people at risk” as the denominator. In retrospective (case-control) studies, where the total number of exposed people is not available, RR cannot be calculated and OR is used as a measure of the strength of association between exposure and outcome. By contrast, in prospective studies (cohort studies), where the number at risk (number exposed) is available, either RR or OR can be calculated.
Multiple logistic regression, a frequently used multivariate technique, calculates adjusted ORs and not RRs.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Sedgwick P. Relative risks versus odds ratios. BMJ 2014;348:g1407.  |
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
HIV Testing among sexually active Ghanaians: an examination of the rural-urban correlates |
|
| Nutifafa Eugene Yaw Dey, Kenneth Owusu Ansah, Queen Angela Norman, Joseph Mfum Manukure, Abigail Boatemaa Kyei Brew, Enam Amen Dey, Pascal Agbadi | | AIDS and Behavior. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Reconceptualizing Measures of Black–White Disparity in Infant Mortality in U.S. Counties |
|
| Benjamin Sosnaud | | Population Research and Policy Review. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
The Age-Adjusted Modified Frailty Index:An Improved Risk Stratification Tool for Patients Undergoing Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty |
|
| Jesse Seilern und Aspang, Ryan S. Zamanzadeh, Andrew M. Schwartz, Ajay Premkumar, J. Ryan Martin, Jacob M. Wilson | | The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Comorbid Depression is Associated with Increased Major Adverse Limb Events in Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |
|
| Joanne G. Abi-Jaoudé, Ahmed A. Naiem, Thomas Edwards, Marie-Amélie Lukaszewski, Daniel I. Obrand, Oren K. Steinmetz, Jason P. Bayne, Kent S. MacKenzie, Heather L. Gill, Elie Girsowicz | | European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Outdoor particulate matter exposure and upper respiratory tract infections in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis |
|
| Myriam Ziou, Rachel Tham, Amanda J. Wheeler, Graeme R. Zosky, Nicola Stephens, Fay H. Johnston | | Environmental Research. 2022; 210: 112969 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Rural-Urban Variation in Exclusion from Social Activities due to Menstruation among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Ghana |
|
| Angela A. Gyasi-Gyamerah, Joseph Mfum Manukure, Lily N.A. Andoh, Nutifafa Eugene Yaw Dey, Kenneth Owusu Ansah, Pascal Agbadi | | Heliyon. 2022; : e09463 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Supermarket environment and nutrition outcomes: Evidence from rural China |
|
| Yanjun Ren, Jiajia Zhao, Thomas Glauben, Bente Castro Campos | | Journal of Rural Studies. 2022; 92: 79 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Role of Positioning after Full-Thickness Macular Hole Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
|
| Varun Chaudhary, Gurkaran S. Sarohia, Mark R. Phillips, Dena Zeraatkar, Jim Xie, Keean Nanji, Reem A. Mustafa, Peter K. Kaiser, Anat Loewenstein, Sunir J. Garg, Sophie J. Bakri, Frank G. Holz, Sobha Sivaprasad, Mohit Bhandari, David H. Steel, Charles C. Wykoff | | Ophthalmology Retina. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Sex-specific effect of body mass index and fasting glucose on gastric cancer risk and all causes mortality; a cohort study of 5.17 million |
|
| Su Youn Nam, Jihyeon Jeong, Won Kee Lee, Seong Woo Jeon | | International Journal of Obesity. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Variables predicting the odds of failing to progress onto the second year of study for criminology students in a UK university |
|
| Nicola Roberts | | Journal of Further and Higher Education. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Associations of sleep and circadian phenotypes with COVID-19 susceptibility and hospitalization: an observational cohort study based on the UK Biobank and a two-sample Mendelian randomization study |
|
| Zheran Liu, Yaxin Luo, Yonglin Su, Zhigong Wei, Ruidan Li, Ling He, Lianlian Yang, Yiyan Pei, Jianjun Ren, Xingchen Peng, Xiaolin Hu | | Sleep. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Geospatial clustering and correlates of deaths during the Ebola outbreak in Liberia: a Bayesian geoadditive semiparametric analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional survey data |
|
| Fiifi Amoako Johnson, Barbara Sakyi | | BMJ Open. 2022; 12(6): e054095 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
The intergenerational transmission of relationship instability: A focus on emerging adult on-off relationships |
|
| Emily J. Charvat, Chelsea L. Garneau-Rosner, James Kale Monk, Colleen W. Colaner | | Family Process. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Survival outcomes in endometrial cancer patients according to diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
|
| Lauren McVicker, Christopher R. Cardwell, Lauren Edge, W Glenn McCluggage, Declan Quinn, James Wylie, Úna C. McMenamin | | BMC Cancer. 2022; 22(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Short-stay crisis units for mental health patients on crisis care pathways: systematic review and meta-analysis |
|
| Katie Anderson, Lucy P. Goldsmith, Jo Lomani, Zena Ali, Geraldine Clarke, Chloe Crowe, Heather Jarman, Sonia Johnson, David McDaid, Paris Pariza, A-La Park, Jared A. Smith, Elizabeth Stovold, Kati Turner, Steve Gillard | | BJPsych Open. 2022; 8(4) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Vertical Loading Rate Is Not Associated with Running Injury, Regardless of Calculation Method |
|
| ELIZABETH A. SCHMIDA, CHRISTA M. WILLE, MIKEL R. STIFFLER-JOACHIM, STEPHANIE A. KLIETHERMES, BRYAN C. HEIDERSCHEIT | | Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2022; 54(8): 1382 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Impact of a Machine Learning–Based Decision Support System for Urinary Tract Infections: Prospective Observational Study in 36 Primary Care Practices |
|
| Willem Ernst Herter, Janine Khuc, Giovanni Cinà, Bart J Knottnerus, Mattijs E Numans, Maryse A Wiewel, Tobias N Bonten, Daan P de Bruin, Thamar van Esch, Niels H Chavannes, Robert A Verheij | | JMIR Medical Informatics. 2022; 10(5): e27795 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Risk of CVD Following Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
|
| Ping-Yi Lin, Ping-Chia Cheng, Wan-Lun Hsu, Wu-Chia Lo, Chen-Hsi Hsieh, Pei-Wei Shueng, Li-Jen Liao | | Frontiers in Oncology. 2022; 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Prospective Associations Between Social Connectedness and Mental Health. Evidence From a Longitudinal Survey and Health Insurance Claims Data |
|
| Dorota Weziak-Bialowolska, Piotr Bialowolski, Matthew T. Lee, Ying Chen, Tyler J. VanderWeele, Eileen McNeely | | International Journal of Public Health. 2022; 67 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Factors Associated with Mortality in Ontario Standardbred Racing: 2003–2015 |
|
| Peter Physick-Sheard,Amanda Avison,William Sears | | Animals. 2021; 11(4): 1028 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Being Born in Winter–Spring and at Around the Time of an Influenza Pandemic Are Risk Factors for the Development of Schizophrenia: The Apna Study in Navarre, Spain |
|
| Miguel A. Alvarez-Mon,Sara Guillen-Aguinaga,Victor Pereira-Sanchez,Luc Onambele,Moad J. Al-Rahamneh,Antonio Brugos-Larumbe,Francisco Guillen-Grima,Felipe Ortuño | | Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(13): 2859 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Evolution of Nutritional Status after Early Nutritional Management in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients |
|
| Dorothée Bedock,Julie Couffignal,Pierre Bel Lassen,Leila Soares,Alexis Mathian,Jehane P. Fadlallah,Zahir Amoura,Jean-Michel Oppert,Pauline Faucher | | Nutrients. 2021; 13(7): 2276 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Maternal sociodemographic characteristics, early pregnancy behaviours, and livebirth outcomes as congenital heart defects risk factors - Northern Ireland 2010-2014 |
|
| Hafi Saad, Marlene Sinclair, Brendan Bunting | | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2021; 21(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Effects of a Co-Design–Based Invitation Strategy on Participation in a Preventive Health Check Program: Randomized Controlled Trial |
|
| Trine Thilsing,Lars Bruun Larsen,Anders Larrabee Sonderlund,Signe Skaarup Andreassen,Jeanette Reffstrup Christensen,Nanna Herning Svensson,Marie Dahl,Jens Sondergaard | | JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 2021; 7(3): e25617 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Targeted caspofungin prophylaxis for invasive aspergillosis in high-risk liver transplant recipients, a single-center experience |
|
| Arpita Chakravarti,Guillaume Butler-Laporte,Francois Martin Carrier,Marc Bilodeau,Genevieve Huard,Daniel Corsilli,Patrice Savard,Me-Linh Luong | | Transplant Infectious Disease. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
True Differences in Poor Outcome Risks Between Revision and Primary Lumbar Spine Surgeries |
|
| Chad E. Cook,Alessandra N. Garcia,Christine Park,Oren Gottfried | | HSS Journal®: The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery. 2021; 17(2): 192 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
The role of perceptual and cognitive load on inattentional blindness: A systematic review and three meta-analyses |
|
| Jérémy Matias, Clément Belletier, Marie Izaute, Matthieu Lutz, Laetitia Silvert | | Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2021; : 1747021821 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Pregnancy complications among refugee women: A systematic review |
|
| Hawa-Idil Harakow,Lone Hvidman,Christian Wejse,Andreas H. Eiset | | Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Cardiovascular immunotoxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a safety meta-analysis |
|
| Charles Dolladille,Julia Akroun,Pierre-Marie Morice,Anne Dompmartin,Emilien Ezine,Marion Sassier,Angélique Da-Silva,Anne-Flore Plane,Damien Legallois,Jean-Mathieu L’Orphelin,Joachim Alexandre | | European Heart Journal. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
The Flip Side of Turnover: Employment Transitions and Occupational Attachment Among Low-Wage Care Workers in the United States |
|
| Mignon Duffy,Reagan Baughman,Kristin Smith | | Feminist Economics. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Neonatal mortality rates, characteristics, and risk factors for neonatal deaths in Ghana: analyses of data from two health and demographic surveillance systems |
|
| Shadrach Dare,Abraham R. Oduro,Seth Owusu-Agyei,Daniel F. Mackay,Laurence Gruer,Alfred Kwesi Manyeh,Ernest Nettey,James F. Phillips,Kwaku Poku Asante,Paul Welaga,Jill P. Pell | | Global Health Action. 2021; 14(1): 1938871 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Reply to “Commentary on: Risk factors for postoperative morbidity after thyroid surgery in a PROSPECTIVE cohort of 1500 patients (Int. J. Surg. 2021, Epub ahead of print)” |
|
| Klaas Van Den Heede,Sam Van Slycke,Nele Brusselaers | | International Journal of Surgery. 2021; : 105994 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Intimate Partner Violence and Adult Asthma Morbidity: A Population-Based Study |
|
| Eileen Wang,Bryan Simmons,Kristen E. Holm,Rafeul Alam,Frederick S. Wamboldt | | The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Group decision quality, conscientiousness and competition |
|
| Lukman Nul Hakim,Guritnaningsih A. Santoso,Bagus Takwin,Yos Sunitiyoso,Juneman Abraham,Delane Botelho | | Cogent Psychology. 2021; 8(1): 1872907 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
The role of gender in the evolution of peer networks: Individual differences in relation to the Big Five |
|
| Stefanie Powazny,Simone Kauffeld | | Personality and Individual Differences. 2021; 170: 110447 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Does lower-limb asymmetry increase injury risk in sport? A systematic review |
|
| Mark Helme,Jason Tee,Stacey Emmonds,Chris Low | | Physical Therapy in Sport. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
Use of electroconvulsive therapy for individuals receiving inpatient psychiatric care on a nationwide scale in France: Variations linked to health care supply |
|
| Pierre Lecarpentier, Coralie Gandré, Magali Coldefy, Anis Ellini, Christian Trichard | | Brain Stimulation. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
Multiple imputation analysis of
Miettinen-Nurminen
interval for difference in proportions |
|
| Kaifeng Lu,Hua Guo | | Pharmaceutical Statistics. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
An analysis of US domestic migration via subset-stable measures of administrative data |
|
| Ben Klemens | | Journal of Computational Social Science. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Associations Between Sex Education Types and Sexual Behaviors Among Female Adolescents: a Secondary Data Analysis of the National Survey of Family Growth 2011–2019 |
|
| Elizabeth Anne McKay, Matias Placencio-Castro, Mei R. Fu, Holly B. Fontenot | | Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
The Association Between Poor Sleep and the Incidence of Sport and Physical Training-Related Injuries in Adult Athletic Populations: A Systematic Review |
|
| Devon A. Dobrosielski,Lisa Sweeney,Peter J. Lisman | | Sports Medicine. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID-19 |
|
| Carina Wagner,Mirko Griesel,Agata Mikolajewska,Anika Mueller,Monika Nothacker,Karoline Kley,Maria-Inti Metzendorf,Anna-Lena Fischer,Marco Kopp,Miriam Stegemann,Nicole Skoetz,Falk Fichtner | | Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021; 2021(8) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
Bankruptcy among insured patients with surgical breast cancer: Who is at risk? |
|
| Samilia Obeng-Gyasi,Lava R. Timsina,Oindrila Bhattacharyya,Carla S. Fisher,David A. Haggstrom | | Cancer. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
Association Between Ethnicity and Severe COVID-19 Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |
|
| Antony Raharja,Alice Tamara,Li Teng Kok | | Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infections in Hepatic and Pancreatic Resection |
|
| Keno Mentor,Bathiya Ratnayake,Nasreen Akter,Giorgio Alessandri,Gourab Sen,Jeremy J. French,Derek M. Manas,John S. Hammond,Sanjay Pandanaboyana | | World Journal of Surgery. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Intensive care utilization in patients with end-stage liver disease: A population-based comparative study of cohorts with and without comorbid hepatocellular carcinoma in taiwan |
|
| Jen-Kuei Peng,Hao-Hsiang Chang,Irene J Higginson,Wei Gao | | EClinicalMedicine. 2020; 22: 100357 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
Early use of low dose tocilizumab in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study with a complete follow-up |
|
| Nicola De Rossi,Cristina Scarpazza,Chiara Filippini,Cinzia Cordioli,Sarah Rasia,Chiara Rosa Mancinelli,Damiano Rizzoni,Giuseppe Romanelli,Stefania Cossi,Nereo Vettoretto,Sergio Bove,Silvano Manfredini,Eva Andrea Beindorf,Carlo Mosca,Vittorio Scipione,Gigliola Flamminio,Elena Albini Albini,Paola Giansiracusa,Ruggero Capra | | EClinicalMedicine. 2020; : 100459 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
For a good selfie. Enhancing mobile phone recycling through simulated exposure to cobalt mining |
|
| Eva Garcia-Vazquez,Pilar Cartón,Micaela Domínguez,Noemí Rodríguez,Antonio Bustillos,Eduardo Dopico | | Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2020; : e00388 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukaemia in patients treated with PARP inhibitors: a safety meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and a retrospective study of the WHO pharmacovigilance database |
|
| Pierre-Marie Morice,Alexandra Leary,Charles Dolladille,Basile Chrétien,Laurent Poulain,Antonio González-Martín,Kathleen Moore,Eileen Mary OæReilly,Isabelle Ray-Coquard,Joachim Alexandre | | The Lancet Haematology. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Associations Between Social Support Availability and HIV Risk and Protective Factors in a U.S. Sample of Adults with Diverse Transgender Identities |
|
| Bobbi V. Gass,Keith J. Horvath,Elliot Marrow,Brian A. Rood,David W. Pantalone | | LGBT Health. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
The school to prison pipeline: quantitative evidence to guide school counselor advocacy |
|
| Laura E. Welfare,Tameka Oliphant Grimes,Gerard Lawson,Kazuki Hori,Ghadir Asadi | | Journal of Counselor Leadership and Advocacy. 2020; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
Economic access influences degenerative spine disease outcomes at rural Late Medieval Villamagna (Lazio,
IT
) |
|
| Katherine M. Kinkopf,Sabrina C. Agarwal,Caroline Goodson,Patrick D. Beauchesne,Trent M. Trombley,Francesca Candilio,Mauro Rubini,Alfredo Coppa | | American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 53 |
Association of cardiovascular disease and 10 other pre-existing comorbidities with COVID-19 mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis |
|
| Paddy Ssentongo,Anna E. Ssentongo,Emily S. Heilbrunn,Djibril M. Ba,Vernon M. Chinchilli,Jennifer A. Hirst | | PLOS ONE. 2020; 15(8): e0238215 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
An Analysis of U.S. Domestic Migration via Subset-stable Measures of Administrative Data |
|
| Ben Klemens | | SSRN Electronic Journal. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
Crossing boundaries online: A hybrid method study of patients’ convergence of mass and interpersonal communication on forums. (Preprint) |
|
| Remco Sanders,Annemiek J. Linn,Theo Araujo,Rens Vliegenthart,Mies van Eenbergen,Julia C.M. van Weert | | Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 56 |
Custom Focal Trough in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Reformatted Panoramic Versus Digital Panoramic for Mental Foramen Position to Aid Implant Planning |
|
| Khaled Beshtawi,Emad Qirresh,Mohamed Parker,Shoayeb Shaik | | Journal of Clinical Imaging Science. 2020; 10: 34 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 57 |
Study designs: Part 8 - Meta-analysis (I) |
|
| Priya Ranganathan,Rakesh Aggarwal | | Perspectives in Clinical Research. 2020; 0(0): 0 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 58 |
Does ethnic-racial identity modify the effects of racism on the social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal Australian children? |
|
| Davi M. Macedo,Lisa G. Smithers,Rachel M. Roberts,Dandara G. Haag,Yin Paradies,Lisa M. Jamieson,Valsamma Eapen | | PLOS ONE. 2019; 14(8): e0220744 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 59 |
Effects of racism on the socio-emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal Australian children |
|
| D. M. Macedo,L. G. Smithers,R. M. Roberts,Y. Paradies,L. M. Jamieson | | International Journal for Equity in Health. 2019; 18(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 60 |
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Pathology: The Present Landscape of Supervised Methods |
|
| Hooman H. Rashidi, Nam K. Tran, Elham Vali Betts, Lydia P. Howell, Ralph Green | | Academic Pathology. 2019; 6: 2374289519 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 61 |
Place of death and factors associated with hospital death in patients who have died from liver disease in England: a national population-based study |
|
| Jen-Kuei Peng,Irene J Higginson,Wei Gao | | The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2019; 4(1): 52 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 62 |
Identifying sequential episodes of pharmacotherapy as a method for assessing treatment failure in comparative effectiveness research |
|
| Greg Carney,Malcolm Maclure,Ken Bassett,Suzanne Taylor,Colin R. Dormuth | | Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 63 |
Making sense of medieval mouths: Investigating sex differences of dental pathological lesions in a late medieval Italian community |
|
| Trent M. Trombley,Sabrina C. Agarwal,Patrick D. Beauchesne,Caroline Goodson,Francesca Candilio,Alfredo Coppa,Mauro Rubini | | American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 64 |
Risk factor for infection in spine surgery: Are the results correct? |
|
| Jonny Alejandro Garcia,Alejandra Del Castillo,Juan Camilo Hernández Vargas | | American Journal of Infection Control. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 65 |
Cardiologist and Diabetologist crosstalk in the era of cardiovascular outcome trials of novel glucose-lowering drugs |
|
| Francesco Maranta,Lorenzo Cianfanelli,Maria Regoni,Domenico Cianflone | | IJC Heart & Vasculature. 2018; 21: 80 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
